Rsamtools 2.16.0
Many users will find that the GenomicAlignments package provides
a more useful representation of BAM files in R; the
GenomicFiles package is also useful for iterating through BAM
files.
The Rsamtools package provides an interface to BAM files. BAM
files are produced by samtools and other software, and represent a flexible
format for storing ‘short’ reads aligned to reference genomes. BAM files
typically contain sequence and base qualities, and alignment coordinates
and quality measures. BAM files are appealing for several reasons. The
format is flexible enough to represent reads generated and aligned using
diverse technologies. The files are binary so that file access is
relatively efficient. BAM files can be indexed, allowing ready access
to localized chromosomal regions. BAM files can be accessed remotely,
provided the remote hosting site supports such access and a local index
is available. This means that specific regions of remote files can be
accessed without retrieving the entire (large!) file. A full description
is available in the BAM format specification
(http://samtools.sourceforge.net/SAM1.pdf)
The main purpose of the Rsamtools is to import BAM files into
R.Rsamtools also provides some facility for file access such as
record counting, index file creation, and filtering to create new files
containing subsets of the original. An important use case for
Rsamtools is as a starting point for creating objects suitable
for a diversity of work flows, e.g., AlignedRead objects in the
ShortRead package (for quality assessment and read manipulation),
or GAlignments objects in GenomicAlignments
package (for RNA-seq and other applications). Those desiring more functionality
are encouraged to explore samtools and related software efforts.
ScanBamParamThe essential capability provided by Rsamtools is BAM input.
This is accomplished with the scanBam function. scanBam takes as input the
name of the BAM file to be parsed. In addition, the param argument
determines which genomic coordinates of the BAM file, and what components of
each record, will be input. Rparam is an instance of the ScanBamParam class.
To create a param object, call ScanBamParam. Here we create a param object
to extract reads aligned to three distinct ranges (one on seq1, two on
seq2). From each of read in those ranges, we specify that we would like to
extract the reference name (rname, e.g., seq1 ), strand, alignment position,
query (i.e., read) width, and query sequence:
which <- GRanges(c(
"seq1:1000-2000",
"seq2:100-1000",
"seq2:1000-2000"
))
## equivalent:
## GRanges(
## seqnames = c("seq1", "seq2", "seq2"),
## ranges = IRanges(
## start = c(1000, 100, 1000),
## end = c(2000, 1000, 2000)
## )
## )
what <- c("rname", "strand", "pos", "qwidth", "seq")
param <- ScanBamParam(which=which, what=what)Additional information can be found on the help page for ScanBamParam. Reading
the relevant records from the BAM file is accomplished with
bamFile <- system.file("extdata", "ex1.bam", package="Rsamtools")
bam <- scanBam(bamFile, param=param)Like scan, scanBam returns a list of values. Each element of the list
corresponds to a range specified by the which argument to ScanBamParam.
class(bam)## [1] "list"names(bam)## [1] "seq1:1000-2000" "seq2:100-1000" "seq2:1000-2000"Each element is itself a list, containing the elements
specified by the what and tag arguments to ScanBamParam.
class(bam[[1]])## [1] "list"names(bam[[1]])## [1] "rname" "strand" "pos" "qwidth" "seq"The elements are either basic R or IRanges data types
sapply(bam[[1]], class)## rname strand pos qwidth seq
## "factor" "factor" "integer" "integer" "DNAStringSet"A paradigm for collapsing the list-of-lists into a single list is
.unlist <- function (x)
{
## do.call(c, ...) coerces factor to integer, which is undesired
x1 <- x[[1L]]
if (is.factor(x1)) {
structure(unlist(x), class = "factor", levels = levels(x1))
} else {
do.call(c, x)
}
}
bam <- unname(bam) # names not useful in unlisted result
elts <- setNames(bamWhat(param), bamWhat(param))
lst <- lapply(elts, function(elt) .unlist(lapply(bam, "[[", elt)))This might be further transformed, e.g., to a DataFrame, with
head(do.call("DataFrame", lst))## DataFrame with 6 rows and 5 columns
## rname strand pos qwidth seq
## <factor> <factor> <integer> <integer> <DNAStringSet>
## 1 seq1 + 970 35 TATTAGGAAA...ACTATGAAGA
## 2 seq1 + 971 35 ATTAGGAAAT...CTATGAAGAG
## 3 seq1 + 972 35 TTAGGAAATG...TATGAAGAGA
## 4 seq1 + 973 35 TAGGAAATGC...ATGAAGAGAC
## 5 seq1 + 974 35 AGGAAATGCT...TGAAGAGACT
## 6 seq1 - 975 35 GGAAATGCTT...GAAGAGACTAOften, an alternative is to use a ScanBamParam object with desired fields
specified in what as an argument to GenomicAlignments::readGAlignments; the
specified fields are added as columns to the returned GAlignments .
BAM index filesThe BAM file in the previous example includes an index, represented by
a separate file with extension .bai:
list.files(dirname(bamFile), pattern="ex1.bam(.bai)?")## [1] "ex1.bam" "ex1.bam.bai"Indexing provides two significant benefits. First, an index allows a BAM file
to be efficiently accessed by range. A corollary is that providing a which
argument to scanBamPram requires an index. Second, coordinates for extracting
information from a BAM file can be derived from the index, so a portion of a
remote BAM file can be retrieved with local access only to the index. For
instance, provided an index file exists on the local computer, it is possible to
retrieve a small portion of a BAM file residing on the 1000 genomes HTTP
server. The url
ftp://ftp-trace.ncbi.nih.gov/1000genomes/ftp/pilot_data/data/NA19240/alignment/NA19240.chrom6.SLX.maq.SRP000032.2009_07.bam
points to the BAM file corresponding to individual NA19240 chromosome 6 Solexa
(Illumina) sequences aligned using MAQ. The remote file is very large (about 10
GB), but the corresponding index file is small (about 500 KB). With na19240url
set to the above address, the following retrieves just those reads in the
specified range
which <- GRanges("6:100000-110000")
param <- ScanBamParam(which=which, what=scanBamWhat())
na19240bam <- scanBam(na19240url, param=param)Invoking scanBam without an index file, as above, first retrieves the index
file from the remote location, and then queries the remote file using the index;
for repeated queries, it is more efficient to retrieve the index file first
(e.g., with download.file) and then use the local index as an argument to
scanBam. Many BAM files were created in a way that causes scanBam to
report that the “EOF marker is absent”; this message can safely be ignored.
BAM filesBAM files may be read by functions in packages other than
Rsamtools, in particular the readGAlignments family of
functions in GenomicAlignments.
Additional ways of interacting with BAM files include scanBamHeader (to
extract header information) and countBam (to count records matching param).
filterBam filters reads from the source file according to the criteria of the
ScanBamParam parameter, writing reads passing the filter to a new file. The
function sorts a previously unsorted BAM, while The function indexBam
creates an index file from a sorted BAM file. readPileup reads a pileup
file created by , importing SNP, indel, or all variants into a GRanges object.
BAM files can be large, containing more information on more genomic regions
than are of immediate interest or than can fit in memory. The first strategy for
dealing with this is to select, using the what and which arguments to
scanBamParam, just those portions of the BAM file that are essential to the
current analysis, e.g., specifying what=c('rname', 'qname', 'pos') when
wishing to calculate coverage of ungapped reads.
When selective input of BAM files is still too memory-intensive, the file can
be processed in chunks, with each chunk distilled to the derived information of
interest. Chromosomes will often be the natural chunk to process. For instance,
here we write a summary function that takes a single sequence name (chromosome)
as input, reads in specific information from the BAM file, and calculates
coverage over that sequence.
summaryFunction <-
function(seqname, bamFile, ...)
{
param <- ScanBamParam(
what=c('pos', 'qwidth'),
which=GRanges(seqname, IRanges(1, 1e7)),
flag=scanBamFlag(isUnmappedQuery=FALSE)
)
x <- scanBam(bamFile, ..., param=param)[[1]]
coverage(IRanges(x[["pos"]], width=x[["qwidth"]]))
}This might be used as follows; it is an ideal candidate for evaluation in
parallel, e.g., using the parallel package and srapply function in
ShortRead.
seqnames <- paste("seq", 1:2, sep="")
cvg <- lapply(seqnames, summaryFunction, bamFile)
names(cvg) <- seqnames
cvg## $seq1
## integer-Rle of length 1569 with 1054 runs
## Lengths: 2 2 1 3 4 2 3 4 2 4 1 ... 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## Values : 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 13 ... 13 12 10 9 7 6 5 3 2 1
##
## $seq2
## integer-Rle of length 1567 with 1092 runs
## Lengths: 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 6 ... 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 1
## Values : 3 4 5 8 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 ... 15 14 13 10 8 7 6 3 2 1The result of the function (a coverage vector, in this case) will often be much
smaller than the input.
The GenomicFiles package implements strategies for iterating
through BAM and other files, including in parallel.
The functions described in the previous section import data in to R. However,
sequence data can be very large, and it does not always make sense to read the
data in immediately. Instead, it can be useful to marshal references to the
data into a container and then act on components of the container. The
BamViews class provides a mechanism for creating ‘views’ into a set of BAM
files. The view itself is light-weight, containing references to the relevant
BAM files and metadata about the view (e.g., the phenotypic samples
corresponding to each BAM file).
One way of understanding a instance is as a rectangular data structure.
The columns represent BAM files (e.g., distinct samples). The rows
represent ranges (i.e., genomic coordinates). For instance, a ChIP-seq
experiment might identify a number of peaks of high read counts.
To illustrate, suppose we have an interest in caffeine metabolism in humans. The ‘rows’ contain coordinates of genomic regions associated with genes in a KEGG caffeine metabolism pathway. The ‘columns’ represent individuals in the 1000 genomes project.
To create the ‘rows’, we identify possible genes that KEGG associates with caffeine metabolism. Using the KEGGREST package, the steps are
## uses KEGGREST, dplyr, and tibble packages
org <- "hsa"
caffeine_pathway <-
KEGGREST::keggList("pathway", org)
tibble::enframe(name = "pathway_id", value = "pathway")
dplyr::filter(startsWith(.data$pathway, "Caffeine metabolism"))
egid <-
KEGGREST::keggLink(org, "pathway") %>%
tibble::enframe(name = "pathway_id", value = "gene_id")
dplyr::left_join(x = caffeine_pathway, by = "pathway_id")
dplyr::mutate(gene_id = sub("hsa:", "", gene_id))
pull(gene_id)At the time of writing, genes in the caffeine metabolism pathway are
egid <- c("10", "1544", "1548", "1549", "7498", "9")Then we use the appropriate TxDb package to translate Entrez
identifiers to obtain ranges of interest (one could also use
biomaRt to retrieve coordinates for non-model organisms, perhaps
making a TxDb object as outlined in the
GenomicFeatures vignette). We’ll find that the names used for
chromosomes in the alignments differ from those used at
Ensembl, so seqlevels<- is used to map between naming schemes and to drop
unused levels.
library(TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg18.knownGene)## Warning: replacing previous import 'utils::findMatches' by
## 'S4Vectors::findMatches' when loading 'AnnotationDbi'bamRanges <- transcripts(
TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg18.knownGene,
filter=list(gene_id=egid)
)
seqlevels(bamRanges) <- # translate seqlevels
sub("chr", "", seqlevels(bamRanges))
lvls <- seqlevels(bamRanges) # drop unused levels
seqlevels(bamRanges) <- lvls[lvls %in% as.character(seqnames(bamRanges))]
bamRanges## GRanges object with 18 ranges and 2 metadata columns:
## seqnames ranges strand | tx_id tx_name
## <Rle> <IRanges> <Rle> | <integer> <character>
## [1] 2 31410692-31491115 - | 9095 uc002rnv.1
## [2] 8 18111895-18125100 + | 26333 uc003wyq.1
## [3] 8 18111895-18125100 + | 26334 uc003wyr.1
## [4] 8 18111895-18125100 + | 26335 uc003wys.1
## [5] 8 18113074-18125100 + | 26336 uc003wyt.1
## ... ... ... ... . ... ...
## [14] 19 46042667-46048192 - | 57448 uc010ehe.1
## [15] 19 46043701-46048191 - | 57449 uc010ehf.1
## [16] 19 46073184-46080497 - | 57450 uc002opm.1
## [17] 19 46073184-46080497 - | 57451 uc002opn.1
## [18] 19 46073184-46226008 - | 57452 uc002opo.1
## -------
## seqinfo: 4 sequences from hg18 genomeThe bamRanges ‘knows’ the genome for which the ranges are
defined
unique(genome(bamRanges))## [1] "hg18"Here we retrieve a vector of BAM file URLs (slxMaq09)
from the package.
slxMaq09 <- local({
fl <- system.file("extdata", "slxMaq09_urls.txt", package="Rsamtools")
readLines(fl)
})We now assemble the BamViews instance from these objects; we
also provide information to annotated the BAM files (with the
bamSamples function argument, which is a DataFrame
instance with each row corresponding to a BAM file) and the
instance as a whole (with bamExperiment, a simple named
list containing information structured as the user sees fit).
bamExperiment <-
list(description="Caffeine metabolism views on 1000 genomes samples",
created=date())
bv <- BamViews(
slxMaq09, bamRanges=bamRanges, bamExperiment=bamExperiment
)
metadata(bamSamples(bv)) <-
list(description="Solexa/MAQ samples, August 2009",
created="Thu Mar 25 14:08:42 2010")
bv## BamViews dim: 18 ranges x 24 samples
## names: NA06986.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam NA06994.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam ... NA12828.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam NA12878.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam
## detail: use bamPaths(), bamSamples(), bamRanges(), ...The BamViews object can be queried for its component parts, e.g.,
bamExperiment(bv)## $description
## [1] "Caffeine metabolism views on 1000 genomes samples"
##
## $created
## [1] "Tue Apr 25 18:33:37 2023"More usefully, methods in Rsamtools are designed to work with BamViews objects, retrieving data from all files in the view. These operations can take substantial time and require reliable network access.
To illustrate, the following code (not evaluated when this vignette was created)
downloads the index files associated with the bv object
bamIndexDir <- tempfile()
indexFiles <- paste(bamPaths(bv), "bai", sep=".")
dir.create(bamIndexDir)
bv <- BamViews(
slxMaq09,
file.path(bamIndexDir, basename(indexFiles)), # index file location
bamRanges=bamRanges,
bamExperiment=bamExperiment
)
idxFiles <- mapply(
download.file, indexFiles,
bamIndicies(bv),
MoreArgs=list(method="curl")
)and then queries the 1000 genomes project for reads overlapping our transcripts.
library(GenomicAlignments)
olaps <- readGAlignments(bv)The resulting object is about 11 MB in size. To avoid having to download this data each time the vignette is run, we instead load it from disk
library(GenomicAlignments)
load(system.file("extdata", "olaps.Rda", package="Rsamtools"))
olaps## List of length 24
## names(24): NA06986.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam ...head(olaps[[1]])## GAlignments object with 6 alignments and 0 metadata columns:
## seqnames strand cigar qwidth start end width
## <Rle> <Rle> <character> <integer> <integer> <integer> <integer>
## [1] 2 + 51M 51 31410650 31410700 51
## [2] 2 + 51M 51 31410658 31410708 51
## [3] 2 - 51M 51 31410663 31410713 51
## [4] 2 + 51M 51 31410666 31410716 51
## [5] 2 - 51M 51 31410676 31410726 51
## [6] 2 + 51M 51 31410676 31410726 51
## njunc
## <integer>
## [1] 0
## [2] 0
## [3] 0
## [4] 0
## [5] 0
## [6] 0
## -------
## seqinfo: 114 sequences from an unspecified genomeThere are 33964 reads in NA06986.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam overlapping at least one of our transcripts. It is easy to explore this object, for instance discovering the range of read widths in each individual.
head(t(sapply(olaps, function(elt) range(qwidth(elt)))))## [,1] [,2]
## NA06986.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam 51 51
## NA06994.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam 36 51
## NA07051.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam 51 51
## NA07346.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam 48 76
## NA07347.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam 51 51
## NA10847.SLX.maq.SRP000031.2009_08.bam 36 51Suppose we were particularly interested in the first transcript, which
has a transcript id
uc002rnv.1. Here we
extract reads overlapping this transcript from each of our samples. As
a consequence of the protocol used, reads aligning to either strand
could be derived from this transcript. For this reason, we set the
strand of our range of interest to *. We use the
endoapply function, which is like lapply but
returns an object of the same class (in this case,
SimpleList) as its first argument.
rng <- bamRanges(bv)[1]
strand(rng) <- "*"
olap1 <- endoapply(olaps, subsetByOverlaps, rng)
olap1 <- lapply(olap1, "seqlevels<-", value=as.character(seqnames(rng)))
head(olap1[[24]])## GAlignments object with 6 alignments and 0 metadata columns:
## seqnames strand cigar qwidth start end width
## <Rle> <Rle> <character> <integer> <integer> <integer> <integer>
## [1] 2 + 36M 36 31410660 31410695 36
## [2] 2 - 36M 36 31410670 31410705 36
## [3] 2 + 36M 36 31410683 31410718 36
## [4] 2 - 36M 36 31410687 31410722 36
## [5] 2 - 36M 36 31410694 31410729 36
## [6] 2 - 36M 36 31410701 31410736 36
## njunc
## <integer>
## [1] 0
## [2] 0
## [3] 0
## [4] 0
## [5] 0
## [6] 0
## -------
## seqinfo: 1 sequence from an unspecified genomeTo carry the example a little further, we calculate coverage of each sample:
minw <- min(sapply(olap1, function(elt) min(start(elt))))
maxw <- max(sapply(olap1, function(elt) max(end(elt))))
cvg <- endoapply(
olap1, coverage,
shift=-start(ranges(bamRanges[1])),
width=width(ranges(bamRanges[1]))
)
cvg[[1]]## RleList of length 1
## $`2`
## integer-Rle of length 80424 with 13290 runs
## Lengths: 8 8 5 2 1 3 7 7 10 2 3 ... 4 3 1 11 8 7 17 4 4 9
## Values : 6 5 4 3 4 3 5 3 4 5 6 ... 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 3 2 1Since the example includes a single region of uniform width across all samples, we can easily create a coverage matrix with rows representing nucleotide and columns sample and, e.g., document variability between samples and nucleotides
m <- matrix(unlist(lapply(cvg, lapply, as.vector)), ncol=length(cvg))
summary(rowSums(m))## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 10.00 74.00 82.00 81.63 91.00 133.00summary(colSums(m))## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 133924 173925 248333 273528 350823 567727This vignette has summarized facilities in the Rsamtools package.
Important additional packages include GenomicRanges (for
representing and manipulating gapped alignments), ShortRead for
I/O and quality assessment of ungapped short read alignments,
Biostrings and BSgenome for DNA sequence and
whole-genome manipulation, IRanges for range-based manipulation,
and rtracklayer for I/O related to the UCSC genome browser. Users
might also find the interface to the integrative genome browser (IGV) in
SRAdb useful for visualizing BAM files.
packageDescription("Rsamtools")## Package: Rsamtools
## Type: Package
## Title: Binary alignment (BAM), FASTA, variant call (BCF), and tabix
## file import
## Description: This package provides an interface to the 'samtools',
## 'bcftools', and 'tabix' utilities for manipulating SAM
## (Sequence Alignment / Map), FASTA, binary variant call (BCF)
## and compressed indexed tab-delimited (tabix) files.
## biocViews: DataImport, Sequencing, Coverage, Alignment, QualityControl
## URL: https://bioconductor.org/packages/Rsamtools
## Video:
## https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rfon-DQYbWA&list=UUqaMSQd_h-2EDGsU6WDiX0Q
## BugReports: https://github.com/Bioconductor/Rsamtools/issues
## Version: 2.16.0
## License: Artistic-2.0 | file LICENSE
## Encoding: UTF-8
## Authors@R: c( person("Martin", "Morgan", role = "aut"), person("Hervé",
## "Pagès", role = "aut"), person("Valerie", "Obenchain", role =
## "aut"), person("Nathaniel", "Hayden", role = "aut"),
## person("Busayo", "Samuel", role = "ctb", comment = "Converted
## Rsamtools vignette from Sweave to RMarkdown / HTML."),
## person("Bioconductor Package Maintainer", email =
## "maintainer@bioconductor.org", role = "cre"))
## Depends: methods, GenomeInfoDb (>= 1.1.3), GenomicRanges (>= 1.31.8),
## Biostrings (>= 2.47.6), R (>= 3.5.0)
## Imports: utils, BiocGenerics (>= 0.25.1), S4Vectors (>= 0.17.25),
## IRanges (>= 2.13.12), XVector (>= 0.19.7), zlibbioc, bitops,
## BiocParallel, stats
## Suggests: GenomicAlignments, ShortRead (>= 1.19.10), GenomicFeatures,
## TxDb.Dmelanogaster.UCSC.dm3.ensGene,
## TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg18.knownGene, RNAseqData.HNRNPC.bam.chr14,
## BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19, RUnit, BiocStyle, knitr
## LinkingTo: Rhtslib (>= 1.99.3), S4Vectors, IRanges, XVector, Biostrings
## LazyLoad: yes
## SystemRequirements: GNU make
## VignetteBuilder: knitr
## git_url: https://git.bioconductor.org/packages/Rsamtools
## git_branch: RELEASE_3_17
## git_last_commit: 3eb6d03
## git_last_commit_date: 2023-04-25
## Date/Publication: 2023-04-25
## Author: Martin Morgan [aut], Hervé Pagès [aut], Valerie Obenchain
## [aut], Nathaniel Hayden [aut], Busayo Samuel [ctb] (Converted
## Rsamtools vignette from Sweave to RMarkdown / HTML.),
## Bioconductor Package Maintainer [cre]
## Maintainer: Bioconductor Package Maintainer
## <maintainer@bioconductor.org>
## Built: R 4.3.0; x86_64-pc-linux-gnu; 2023-04-25 22:32:49 UTC; unix
##
## -- File: /tmp/RtmpNeJwy6/Rinst1e245a58a5af4/Rsamtools/Meta/package.rdssessionInfo()## R version 4.3.0 RC (2023-04-13 r84269)
## Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
## Running under: Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS
##
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS: /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.17-bioc/R/lib/libRblas.so
## LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lapack/liblapack.so.3.10.0
##
## locale:
## [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C
## [3] LC_TIME=en_GB LC_COLLATE=C
## [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
## [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C
## [9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C
## [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
##
## time zone: America/New_York
## tzcode source: system (glibc)
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats4 stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
## [8] base
##
## other attached packages:
## [1] GenomicAlignments_1.36.0
## [2] SummarizedExperiment_1.30.0
## [3] MatrixGenerics_1.12.0
## [4] matrixStats_0.63.0
## [5] TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg18.knownGene_3.2.2
## [6] GenomicFeatures_1.52.0
## [7] AnnotationDbi_1.62.0
## [8] Biobase_2.60.0
## [9] Rsamtools_2.16.0
## [10] Biostrings_2.68.0
## [11] XVector_0.40.0
## [12] GenomicRanges_1.52.0
## [13] GenomeInfoDb_1.36.0
## [14] IRanges_2.34.0
## [15] S4Vectors_0.38.0
## [16] BiocGenerics_0.46.0
## [17] BiocStyle_2.28.0
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] tidyselect_1.2.0 dplyr_1.1.2 blob_1.2.4
## [4] filelock_1.0.2 bitops_1.0-7 fastmap_1.1.1
## [7] RCurl_1.98-1.12 BiocFileCache_2.8.0 XML_3.99-0.14
## [10] digest_0.6.31 lifecycle_1.0.3 KEGGREST_1.40.0
## [13] RSQLite_2.3.1 magrittr_2.0.3 compiler_4.3.0
## [16] rlang_1.1.0 sass_0.4.5 progress_1.2.2
## [19] tools_4.3.0 utf8_1.2.3 yaml_2.3.7
## [22] rtracklayer_1.60.0 knitr_1.42 prettyunits_1.1.1
## [25] bit_4.0.5 curl_5.0.0 DelayedArray_0.26.0
## [28] xml2_1.3.3 BiocParallel_1.34.0 grid_4.3.0
## [31] fansi_1.0.4 biomaRt_2.56.0 cli_3.6.1
## [34] rmarkdown_2.21 crayon_1.5.2 generics_0.1.3
## [37] httr_1.4.5 rjson_0.2.21 DBI_1.1.3
## [40] cachem_1.0.7 stringr_1.5.0 zlibbioc_1.46.0
## [43] parallel_4.3.0 BiocManager_1.30.20 restfulr_0.0.15
## [46] vctrs_0.6.2 Matrix_1.5-4 jsonlite_1.8.4
## [49] bookdown_0.33 hms_1.1.3 bit64_4.0.5
## [52] jquerylib_0.1.4 glue_1.6.2 codetools_0.2-19
## [55] stringi_1.7.12 BiocIO_1.10.0 tibble_3.2.1
## [58] pillar_1.9.0 rappdirs_0.3.3 htmltools_0.5.5
## [61] GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.10 R6_2.5.1 dbplyr_2.3.2
## [64] evaluate_0.20 lattice_0.21-8 png_0.1-8
## [67] memoise_2.0.1 bslib_0.4.2 xfun_0.39
## [70] pkgconfig_2.0.3Note: The following operations were performed at the time the
vignette was written; location of on-line resources, in particular the
organization of the 1000 genomes BAM files, may have changed.
We are interested in collecting the URLs of a number of BAM files
from the 1000 genomes project. Our first goal is to identify files
that might make for an interesting comparison. First, let’s visit the
1000 genomes FTP site and discover available files. We’ll use the
RCurl package to retrieve the names of all files in an
appropriate directory
library(RCurl)
ftpBase <-
"ftp://ftp-trace.ncbi.nih.gov/1000genomes/ftp/pilot_data/data/"
indivDirs <-
strsplit(getURL(ftpBase, ftplistonly=TRUE), "\n")[[1]]
alnDirs <-
paste(ftpBase, indivDirs, "/alignment/", sep="")
urls0 <-
strsplit(getURL(alnDirs, dirlistonly=TRUE), "\n")From these, we exclude directories without any files in them, select
only the BAM index (extension .bai) files, and choose those
files that exactly six '.' characters in their name.
urls <- urls[sapply(urls0, length) != 0]
fls0 <- unlist(unname(urls0))
fls1 <- fls0[grepl("bai$", fls0)]
fls <- fls1[sapply(strsplit(fls1, "\\."), length)==7]After a little exploration, we focus on those files obtained form Solexa
sequencing, aligned using MAQ, and archived in August, 2009; we remove the
.bai extension, so that the URL refers to the underlying file rather than
index. There are 24 files.
urls1 <- Filter(
function(x) length(x) != 0,
lapply(urls, function(x) x[grepl("SLX.maq.*2009_08.*bai$", x)])
)
slxMaq09.bai <-
mapply(paste, names(urls1), urls1, sep="", USE.NAMES=FALSE)
slxMaq09 <- sub(".bai$", "", slxMaq09.bai)As a final step to prepare for using a file, we create local copies of the index files. The index files are relatively small (about 190 Mb total).
bamIndexDir <- tempfile()
dir.create(bamIndexDir)
idxFiles <- mapply(
download.file, slxMaq09.bai,
file.path(bamIndexDir, basename(slxMaq09.bai)),
MoreArgs=list(method="curl")
)