# R for macOS FAQ ¶

## Frequently Asked Questions on R for macOS

## Version 4.3.1 2023-06-16, R.app 1.79

## 1 Introduction ¶

This document contains a user guide to the R.APP version of R, and information on using R on macOS which supplements the main R manuals, the latest versions of which can be found at http://cran.r-project.org/manuals.html.

In this document R refers to the core, command-line-based R system while R.APP refers to the GUI-based Mac OS application that controls the underlying R.

This ‘R for macOS FAQ’ is rather incomplete at the moment and requires contributions from users. Anything specific to the R language can be found in the main R-FAQ (see http://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html). Please send any requests/questions you would like answers to the R-SIG-Mac mailing list (after subscribing) as well as comments on this FAQ.

The last section of this document contains the most frequently asked questions that don’t fit strictly into any of the categories above – it is usually a good idea to always look into that section if your issue doesn’t fit any of the above or was not answered in one of the specific sections. Always read this FAQ before asking for help on R-SIG-Mac!

### 1.1 How many versions of R for macOS? ¶

There is only one version of R for macOS. However, R on macOS can be used either on the command-line as on other Unix systems, or via the R.APP GUI (see R.app). The second approach is mostly preferred by Macintosh users.

### 1.2 What machines does R for macOS run on? ¶

64-bit Intel-based Macs, that is any machine made since mid 2008.

As from R 4.1.0 there is a separate build for ARM-based Macs (known as ‘M1’ and ‘Apple Silicon’), although the Intel-based distribution works well under ‘Rosetta’ emulation.

### 1.3 How can R for macOS be obtained and installed? ¶

R is available on CRAN in the form of an Installer package containing the R framework and the R.APP GUI. The package is usually named `R.pkg` with an optional version number.

The installation is done by double-clicking on the Installer package. The Installer will guide you through the necessary steps. Note that it will require password or login of an account with administrator privileges. The installation can be customized, but the default is suitable for most users.

Snapshots of the R-patched and R-devel flavours are available at http://mac.R-project.org/, packaged in the same way.

Further details, including uninstallation and building R from the sources, are in the ‘R Installation and Administration Manual’.

## 2 R.app ¶

R.APP is the name of the GUI for macOS that was introduced in R 2.0.0. It appears as an icon labeled R, but to avoid confusion with general R, we prefer to use the name as it appears when using Get Info on the GUI: R.APP This stands for R application.

Internally R.APP is a Cocoa program (hence written in Objective C) which links to embedded R installed as a framework.

### 2.1 How to get R.app ¶

R.APP is part of the binary distribution of R for macOS available from CRAN. That distribution consists of one package containing the R framework and R.APP.

Development versions of R.APP are made available on daily basis in the form of a disk image containing the R.APP itself. See the macOS pages on CRAN for detail how to obtain such snapshots (currently at http://mac.R-project.org/).

### 2.2 How to install the R.app ¶

R.APP is installed the same way as the R framework, namely using binary package provided on CRAN. The `bin/macosx` directory of a CRAN site contains a standard Apple installer package named `R.pkg` (optionally containing the version number). Download and double-click the package icon.

Please, carefully read the note on the usage of tcltk and Fortran on the `bin/macosx` directory of a CRAN site.

### 2.3 The R Console ¶

In this section you’ll find general information on the R.APP. For specific R tasks that can be done via the R.APP using menus you should read below (see The Menus).

#### 2.3.1 The Input and the Output ¶

The current design of the R Console is to have a single frame for input (user) and output (R).

#### 2.3.2 Copy and Paste ¶

Copy and paste works in R as in any other Macintosh application.

If you want high resolution graphic exports, you can save the PDF format using the File/Save as menu item (see Quartz device). Or you can use supported formats in R through `pdf()`, `jpeg()` etc. (type `?capabilities` to get more details).

#### 2.3.3 The current and startup working directories ¶

If not otherwise specified in the Preferences (see Preferences), or if the specified path is no longer available, then the default working directory at startup is the user home. The working directory can be changed using the setwd R command or using the Misc menu item Change working directory. Finally it is possible to use a specific directory for a single R session by dragging a folder onto the R.APP icon. If R.APP is not running, this will cause R.APP to be started in the directory corresponding to the folder dragged. The same can be achieved on the command line – for example `open -a R .` causes R.APP to be started using the current directory as the startup working directory.

This feature is useful if you want different startup procedures defined by the `.Rprofile`; you can edit a `.Rprofile` (containing you personal initialization R commands) in a particular directory and use the Preferences (or any other method mentioned above) to change the startup directory. Next time you launch `R.app` the `.Rprofile` is read and executed by R at startup. This is the equivalent on Unix (or the command line) to launch R from different directories.

#### 2.3.4 Resizing the R Console ¶

When the R Console Window is resized, the R option width is set appropriately so that any future output will fit the window size.

#### 2.3.5 R Console text colors ¶

Use the Preferences window to set the R Console text colors (see Preferences).

### 2.4 General Features ¶

#### 2.4.1 Editor ¶

R.APP provides an integrated editor for editing of R code. It sports a number of features designed to help developing code inside R. The probably most often used function is the ability to execute code directly from the editor by pressing ``Command`-`Return``. Other features include syntax highlighting, brace-matching, code completion and function indexing.

#### 2.4.2 Editor undo and line numbers ¶

The editor supports undo/redo operations on an appropriate level of granularity (used to be all or nothing). The editor has an optional facility to show line numbers. These help with locating error messages. The editor also responds to the ’Go to Line’ Edit menu function. The associated Preference Pane allows enabling/disabling of the line numbers, as well as setting line number gutter width (to fit larger line numbers) and text margin width.

#### 2.4.3 Editor text completion ¶

Completion of typed input (both file names and R code) in the editor is available through the Edit menu ’Complete’ or by typing ``Control`-`.`` (same as is Xcode). It uses the same facilities as the console window (for compatibility the console responds to both `Tab` and ``Control`-`.``).

#### 2.4.4 Editor function list ¶

The editor maintains a popup list of functions defined in the edited document. The list is available in the toolbar and is updated as you type. Selecting a function from that list causes the cursor to jump to the beginning of the function.

#### 2.4.5 Editor syntax coloring ¶

The editor supports syntax-highlighting for R code. It is possible to change the syntax highlighting colors using the Syntax Color Preference Pane (see below). Starting with R.APP version 1.17 lazy syntax highlighting is used, which means that changes influencing the entire file (such as typing a single or double quote) no longer apply to the entire file, but only a few lines. This temporary state is usually recovered by closing the quote, but in some rare instances it may persist until a change is made to the first line of the offending quote. However, lazy highlighting brings huge speedup when editing large files.

#### 2.4.6 Editor (internal and external) ¶

By default, the editor used is incorporated into R.APP, the macOS GUI for R. It is a relatively simple multi-document editor that supports the features listed above. Additionally, two powerful commands are available to source the file being edited in its entirety (`Command-E`) or to source the current selection to R (`Command-Return`). Using R’s `edit()` function, allows editing of R objects or files while R is kept waiting for the edit session to finish.

It is possible to ’redirect’ all R requests to an external editor, which runs outside R.APP. In that case, it is not possible to keep R waiting if `edit()` is used. Using AppleScript it is easy to implement `Command-E` and `Command-Return` like functionality.

#### 2.4.7 Editor help ¶

The editor contains a light-weight help system in form of a search filed placed inside the toolbar. It is possible to use either an exact or approximate search.

#### 2.4.8 Drag & drop ¶

Drag and drop of a directory on the R.APP icon while R.APP is not running will start R.APP and set the working directory. By default `.RData` and the history file (default name `.Rapp.history`) are fetched from this working directory. If a file is dropped on the R.APP icon while R.APP is not running, R.APP is started, the file is either restored (if it is a saved workspace), sourced into R.APP or opened in the selected editor. Whether the file is opened or sourced is specified by a Preference setting in the StartUp Preference Pane.

Note: At this point opening a file in the editor before R.APP is finished loading will crash R.APP.

While R.APP is running, drag & drop of a directory updates the working directory. Drag & drop of a file sources or opens the file in the selected editor. Double clicking on files bound to ("Open With ...") R, if R.APP is not running, R.APP is started and the file is sourced or opened in editor. If R.APP is running, the file is opened in the editor.

#### 2.4.9 Help system ¶

The Help screen allows a user to go back or forward to previous help pages. It is possible to print help pages. If a help topic is not found, a pop-up window allows to exit the help search or expand the search to a fuzzy/approximate search.

#### 2.4.10 History ¶

R.APP uses history files that are (superset) compatible with history files created by R. Multiline support remains available from inside R.APP. Multiline is particularly useful when using the ``Command`-`Return`` feature while editing an R script. Import and export allows storing and importing history from files visible in the Mac OS Finder. Multiline is preserved. This can be set through the StartUp Preference Panel. Default number of kept history entries is 250. A variety of history entry cleanup modes is possible. At a minimum it is suggested to select "Cleanup history entries". It’s optional to select removal of duplicate entries and strip comments.

Note: Command-line R stores history in a file usually called `.Rhistory`. It is suggested to use a different name for the R.APP history file, and the default is `.Rapp.history`.

Note that the functions `loadhistory()`, `savehistory()` and hence `history()` are not currently supported in R.APP.

#### 2.4.11 Authentication and .libPaths ¶

The official CRAN binaries come pre-packaged in such a way that administrator have sufficient privileges to update R and install packages system-wide. However, the default Unix build requires root-authentication for package installation and other administrative tasks. As it is not feasible to run the GUI as root, we provide the possibility to authenticate system commands issued from the GUI. The authentication requires an administrator login and causes all subsequent system commands to be executed as root. Use with care!

In order to allow non-administrators to maintain their own set of packages, R.APP optionally adds `~/Library/R/x.y/library` to the `.libPaths` (see start-up preferences, `x.y` denotes the R version without patch level). It is possible to use the Package Installer to install packages either globally (admin users only) or for the current user only. (This is the same mechanism for personal library directories described in the main R documentation, but with a location specific to CRAN-like builds of R on macOS.)

Note that user-local packages are only used when the corresponding preference option is enabled. The default for admin users is to use system-wide directories, for non-admin users the personal library directory will be used.

### 2.5 The Menus ¶

### 2.6 Preferences ¶

You can set several aspects of the R GUI via preferences. You can access the Preferences window via the Application menu when the R Console is open.

#### 2.6.1 Startup ¶

The Drag & drop section defines drag & drop behaviour during R start-up. Options are to open file in an editor or to source file. Default is to source the file. The Default Library Paths section enables, on next start-up of R, to add a directory, e.g. `~/R/Library`, to the library search/install path. The initial working directory section can be used to enforce the initial working directory. If no directory is specified, this directory is used as the default. The Change button allows to select a new directory. The Always apply selection will enforce the specified intial start-up directory. The history section controls reading of the history file on startup. If selected, R will read history file on start-up. The R history file field is used to read and store history from/to. This field can be edited to allow selecting files starting with a period (e.g. `.Rapp.history`). If you want the same history file regardless of your selected working directory, specify a fixed path (e.g. `~/.Rapp.history`). The Default button will reset the history file name to its default value. The History handling area allows setting of the max number of entries to be kept in history, to remove duplicate entries, to cleanup history entries (this is very useful to remove blank lines when submitting multiple lines using Command-Return) and the strip comments before the entry is added to the history.

#### 2.6.1.1 Editor Preferences ¶

If Built-in editor is selected, allows enable/disable of syntax coloring, brace highlighting and the showing of line numbers. If External editor is selected, allows specifying which external editor. That editor will be used for all editing functions. It runs as a separate application. Using an external editor means that R will never wait while editing (e.g. `edit(A)` will return immediately and open `A` in the external editor. Command-E and Command-Return like functionality would need to be implemented by other means, i.e. AppleScript. The external editor can be any application (e.g. SubEthaEdit, TextWrangler, BBEdit, Smultron, etc) or can be activated through a shell script (e.g. see or smultron, both give better control on how to start the editor).

#### 2.6.1.2 Syntax Colors ¶

Enables to select the syntax colors.

#### 2.6.1.3 Console Colors ¶

Enables to select the input/output colors in R Console.

#### 2.6.1.4 Quartz window ¶

Currently the the Quartz preference pane is not being used.

### 2.7 R.app Bugs ¶

On Unix systems a bug report can be generated using the function `bug.report()`. Alternatively the bug report can be submitted to the Web page at http://bugs.R-project.org/.

Before you file a bug report, please try to reproduce it using both R.APP and the console version of R (if applicable). If the bug if R.APP-specific, please report the bug to the mailing list R-SIG-Mac@R-project.org instead. Please do NOT forget to mention the exact R.APP version and include the output of `sessionInfo()`.

In any circumstances, in case of a crash, please report the crash.log for the R.bin and/or R.app application. You can get this crash.log using the Console.app located inside /Applications/Utilities (select ‘1’ in the crash menu in the R console at the time of the crash (if you see that menu) to generate a crash report).

## 3 How to install packages ¶

You have several options for installing new packages on your system. We discuss here only the GUI interface to the standard R functions like `install.packages()`. For the R functions see the standard R documentation.

### 3.1 Which kind of packages can I install using the GUI ¶

GUI provides direct access/download/installation of packages located on CRAN, the Bioconductor repositories or a custom repository. You can also install packages from local files, either binary of source packages, as explained below. Otherwise you can use the appropriate R commands (see `install.packages`) to install packages from a specific location other than the above mentioned ones.

### 3.2 Installation of packages ¶

R for macOS recognizes packages in two forms: binary packages and source packages.

Binary packages are R packages in ready-to-use form, such that no additional tools are necessary for their use. Binary packages are specific for a given R version OS. CRAN and Bioconductor repositories offer R packages in binary form for the last released R version. Unlike on other Unix systems, CRAN R for macOS installs binary packages by default, i.e. `install.packages` will look first for binary repositories unless instructed otherwise.

Source packages are general in that they can be used on any platform and OS supported by R, but they need to be processed and/or compiled before they can be used. Additional tools may be necessary for that, see see Installation of source packages for details. For most users binary packages are sufficient (if available and current).

On macOS packages can be installed in three ways:

- Using Package Manager in the R.APP GUI (recommended for most Mac users)
- Using `install.packages` command in R
- Using `R CMD INSTALL` command in the shell (aka Terminal)

The latter two methods are common to all Unix systems and as such described in the general R documentation. In the following we will concentrate on using the Package Installer.

If you decide to install packages you should use the Packages & Data menu of the GUI, in particular the sub-item Package Installer. Select the repository, package type (binary or source) and press Get List. This will connect to the repository through the Internet and a list all packages available for installation. The list tells you if a package is already installed on your system, the version of the package available on CRAN and the version of the same package if already installed.

You can use the search field to narrow the list of package to those matching your search criteria. Additionally you can use the search list menu to list only packages that are already installed on your system which is useful for comparing versions of available and installed packages. Finally, you can filter down to packages that have been installed by a previous R version as to allow a simple upgrade.

Select any package you want to install and press the Install button. You can follow the progress of the installation in the R Console. Once the required packages are installed, the list is re-loaded to reflect the versions of newly installed packages.

If you want to update all packages to the latest version, select the repository to use for the packages and press Update All. R will automatically determine the list of packages that can be updated and present you with a selection of packages to update.

You can also download any other package from the Internet yourself and decide to install it from source. In such case select one of the local entries in the top left list and press the Install button (which is now enabled).

Packages can also be installed from other repositories by selecting Other Repository source. Enter the repository URL in the adjacent field. Note that currently the Package Installer assumes that custom repositories maintain proper hierarchy for both source and binary packages the same way CRAN does when using Other Repository. If your custom repository is flat, select Other Directory URL in the installation type list.

### 3.3 Installation of source packages ¶

Source packages which do not contain compiled code can (with rare exceptions) be installed with no additional tools.

Packages with compiled code (or some with Unix scripts) need the tools used to build R itself discussed in the ‘R Installation and Administation Manual’, and these will need to be in the ‘`PATH`’ as seen from R.APP or command-line R. For R.APP you may need to add e.g. `/usr/local/bin` and it is usually most convenient to use command-line R.

If using a CRAN binary install of R the compilers may not be in the same place or have the same names as on the CRAN build machine. Look at file `/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/etc/Makeconf`, which will contain lines like

    CC = clang -mmacosx-version-min=10.13
    CXX = clang++ -mmacosx-version-min=10.13 -std=gnu++14
    FC = gfortran -mmacosx-version-min=10.13
    OBJC = clang -mmacosx-version-min=10.13
    OBJCXX = clang++ -mmacosx-version-min=10.13

(for Intel, similar for ARM). You can either edit that file, or override settings in file `~/.R/Makevars`: see the section ‘Customizing package compilation’ of the ‘R Installation and Administration Manual’.

### 3.4 Where are the packages I’ve installed? ¶

The main library of packages is the one located inside the R.framework (in `/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/library`). This library contains the packages (base and recommended ones) distributed along with R. Only administrators are allowed to install packages in this system-wide directory. Note that this directory is R-version-specific. Optionally users can install personal packages in their `~/Library/R/x86_64/x.y/library` directory where `x.y` denotes the R version without the patch level (such as 3.0) – see the startup preferences in R.APP. (For ARM, replace `x86_64` by `arm64`.)

The Package Installer performs installation to either place depending on the installation target setting. The default for an admin users is to install packages system-wide, whereas the default for regular users is their personal library tree.

If you use `install.packages` R function instead of the Package Installer, the regular Unix behavior applies (see help pages for details). For default setup this means that the packages are installed according to the startup preference setting. You can check the current defaults by issuing

    .libPaths()

## 4 R and external applications ¶

### 4.1 AppleScript support ¶

R has partial support for Apple-Scripts. At the moment R can be invoked and asked to run commands from an AppleScript script. What follows is an example of script that interacts with R. It first invokes R and then sends commands to R with the `cmd` applescript command.

    set CommandLine to "R.Version()"
    try
    	tell application "R"
    		activate
    		with timeout of 90000 seconds
    			cmd CommandLine
    			cmd "Sys.getenv()"
    			cmd "print(\"HelloWorld!\")"
    		end timeout
    	end tell
    end try

In the above, `cmd` is the (only) applescript command in the R dictionary that is used to tell R to execute an R command in the R Console. The syntax is

    cmd <command string>

where command string have to be in quotes. Actually, the output of the command is not sent back to the application that is calling R but to the R Console directly.

There are some issues. The first is that if R is still not running, it will take a while (depending on how fast your machine is) to startup. In the meanwhile the script sends commands without waiting and it could happen that some commands are missed by R, i.e. they arrive before R is ready to receive applescript commands. The second issue, is that it could be that the applescript calls a bad version of R. This could happen if you have an old version of R (for example the old Carbon R) installed on your System.

As an example, we report here a small script that asks R to `source` a file using a file dialog.

    set file_to_source to (choose file with prompt "Choose file to source") as alias

    try
    	tell application "R"
    		activate
    		with timeout of 90000 seconds
    			cmd "source(\"" & file_to_source & "\")"
    		end timeout
    	end tell
    end try

### 4.2 External editors ¶

R accepts the Apple Event command open. This means than an external editor can communicate with R sending portions of R code to execute via files. This is the approach used by the R-Tcl Mode in Alpha X (see http://www.kelehers.org/alpha/).

### 4.3 Finder actions ¶

Dragging a file on the R icon, causes R to source this file via the `source` R command or, if the file is an R image data file RDX1 or RDX2 (normally files with extension `.rda` or `.RData`), the data is loaded in the workspace and every object with the same name in the workspace is overwritten without notice. Loading a data file is equivalent to the R command `load`. At the moment there is no control over the file types, i.e. dragging wrong files (i.e. files that are not R scripts or image data) simply gives an error. It is up to the user to do the right thing.

If R is not yet running this action causes R to startup.

## 5 Quartz device ¶

The `quartz()` device is the native graphic device in R for Mac OS X. Its name derives from Apple’s Quartz Technology which is essentially similar to PDF rendering.

The `quartz()` device can be used from R.APP or a suitable build of R running at the Mac console. Where supported it is the default graphics device.

### 5.1 Interactive mode ¶

The quartz device allows for interaction. You can use both `identify` and `locator` functions. To break the sequence you should right/control-click or hit the `ESC` key.

### 5.2 Saving the image ¶

You can save the content of the quartz device window into a PDF file, via the R menu when the device window has focus. This is a simple way to export high quality graphics from R into other applications on macOS as graphics is PDF-based (so are almost all applications available). For other solutions, see (see Copying the image into the clipboard) and the `quartz.save` function.

### 5.3 Copying the image into the clipboard ¶

You can copy the content of the quartz device window in the clipboard to make the resulting image available for pasting into other applications. The clipboard will contain both a PDF version and a bitmap version of the quartz device window. Which version will be used depends on the pasting applications, most modern application will prefer the PDF version which is of higher quality as it supports vector graphics.

## 6 Tcl/Tk issues ¶

Each binary distribution of R available through CRAN is built to use the X11 implementation of Tcl/Tk. Of course a X windows server has to be started first: this should happen automatically on macOS, provided it has been installed (it needs a separate install from http://xquartz.macosforge.org). The first time things are done in the X server there can be a long delay whilst a font cache is constructed; starting the server can take several seconds.

If you don’t like the X11 style of widgets and use command-line R you would probably want to build R using the Aqua version of Tcl/Tk (see the ‘R Installation and Administration Manual’). Note, however, that such builds do not work when used in the R.APP GUI.

## 7 Internationalization of the R.app ¶

R and the R.APP GUI support for internationalization. Among other things this means that messages and GUI elements can be translated into various languages. R.APP automatically detects the user’s settings in the Language & Region section of the System Preferences and uses that information to offer translated messages and GUI if available.

If you use a non-standard setup (e.g. different language than formats), you can override the auto-detection performed by setting ‘`force.LANG`’ defaults setting, such as for example

    defaults write org.R-project.R force.LANG en_US.UTF-8

when run in Terminal it will enforce US-english setting regardless of the system setting. If you don’t know what Terminal is you can use this R command instead:

    system("defaults write org.R-project.R force.LANG en_US.UTF-8")

but do not forget to quit R and start R.APP again afterwards. Please note that you must always use ‘`.UTF-8`’ version of the locale, otherwise R.APP will not work properly.

By default R.APP uses UTF-8 for newly created documents and for the console. When opening new documents R.APP assumes UTF-8 and only if the document violates UTF-8 rules, it will try to fallback to legacy encoding, usually Mac Roman.

If you are interested in translating R.APP GUI into other languages, please read the developer documentation at http://developer.r-project.org/Translations30.html.

## 8 Additional resources ¶

Here are few references that can be of interest for macOS and/or developers.

### 8.1 Apple Developer Connection ¶

The Apple Developer Connection (can be reached at http://developer.apple.com) is the main source of information for Apple products (OS, hardware, software) for developers. You can subscribe for free to ADC and get the latest up-to-date tools from Apple (compilers for example): however more recently these have been distributed through the App Store.

### 8.2 The R for macOS Developer page ¶

There is a page dedicated to development versions for R for macOS. This page is located at http://mac.R-project.org/ and is maintained by Simon Urbanek. It contains latest nightly builds of R and R.APP as well as information on tools necessary to build R.

## 9 Acknowledgments ¶

Special thanks go to Jan de Leeuw, Byron Ellis and Thomas Lumley in random order. Last but not least Apple for amazing OS and GUI.

## 10 Miscellaneous questions ¶

### 10.1 How can I have a per session .Rprofile? ¶

You can by writing a `.Rprofile` file in your favorite session directory and change accordingly the startup working directory using the Preferences (see The current and startup working directories).

### 10.2 What happens if I drag a file on the R icon? ¶

In this case R will try to source this file or load the image data file (see Finder actions). If R is not yet running it will be launched.

### 10.3 How can I interrupt lengthy operations or output? ¶

In R.APP you can use the the Stop toolbar button or the `ESC` (escape) key in the console window to interrupt a running calculation or output.

For the command line version the same is achieved by pressing ``Ctrl`-c`. Both applications honor the `INT` signal, i.e. you can type the following in a separate Terminal window to cancel all R computations:

    killall -INT R

(There may be some delay in stopping as R queues reacting to interrupts until safe points in the code.)

However, if the executed code does not check for interrupts (using ‘`R_CheckUserInterrupt`’) there may be no way of stopping R. In that case it may be worth alerting the maintainer of the package to allow interruption (if appropriate).

### 10.4 I see spurious error messages when starting R! ¶

If you see error messages upon start of the R GUI which contain `Library/InputManagers` anywhere in the text, then you have some broken haxxies installed in your system. Those messages do NOT come from R, so don’t blame us. Bundles located in `Library/InputManagers` of your home (or system) are hacks that get loaded into every Mac application that you start. In most cases you don’t see them crashing, because most applications don’t show the console output, but R does, so all the errors those hacks are causing become visible. The easiest remedy is to delete all offending bundles (possibly the whole `Library/InputManagers` folder) and get a fixed version of the hack (if you need it). The most common cause for broken hacks is system upgrades (e.g. you get a new Mac and you transfer you settings which include those hacks that are incompatible with your new Mac).

If you want to disable all external error output in the GUI, use

    defaults write org.R-project.R 'Ignore stderr' YES

in the Terminal. Note, however, that this will disable all error output from external programs including package installation or the `system` command.

### 10.5 Which BLAS is used and how can it be changed? ¶

The BLAS library used by R depends on the way R was compiled (see ‘R Installation and Administration’ manual for details). Current R binaries supplied from CRAN provide both vecLib-based BLAS and reference BLAS shipped with R. vecLib is a part of Apple’s Accelerate framework which provides an optimized BLAS implementation for Mac hardware. Although fast, it is not under our control and may possibly deliver inaccurate results.

The CRAN binary uses `--enable-BLAS-shlib` option and two Rblas shared libraries are supplied: `libRblas.vecLib.dylib` which uses vecLib BLAS and `libRblas.0.dylib` which uses reference BLAS from R. A symbolic link `libRblas.dylib` determines which one is used. Currently the default is to use the R BLAS: this is recommended for precision.

In order to change which BLAS is used, change the `libRblas.dylib` symlink correspondingly – for example in Terminal:

    cd /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/lib

    # for vecLib use
    ln -sf libRblas.vecLib.dylib libRblas.dylib

    # for R reference BLAS use
    ln -sf libRblas.0.dylib libRblas.dylib

This feature is only present in the R CRAN binary. Ordinarily compiled R from sources will only have one of the above BLAS libraries, corresponding to the configuration options used.

The BLAS library used is displayed in `sessionInfo()`.

### 10.6 I don’t see a thing when installing packages! ¶

The output is not produced continuously during the package installation. R.APP does its best to display the output as soon as possible, but for example the documentation script does not print anything until done.

Also note that the development build of R.APP sends output to the error console instead of the screen. You may want to check the Console application in that case.

### 10.7 Why are there faint lines in image plots? ¶

When plots based on the `image()` function are exported to PDF, Preview shows very faint grid lines at the edges of the rectangles that create the image. Those lines are a rendering artifact in Preview coming from the combination of anti-aliasing and sub-pixel rendering. They are not really a part of the PDF (zooming in will reveal that they are not a real object which would get larger with zoom) since the rectangles are defined as a gapless coverage of the area. The effect can be circumvented by disabling anti-aliasing in Preview.

We correct for this effect in Quartz when rendering on-screen by snapping all rectangles to pixel boundaries of the screen, but Preview does not.

The same effect occurs in any plot with adjacent, filled polygons without border.

### 10.8 Why doesn’t R GUI support keyboard shortcut XYZ ? ¶

The R.APP GUI uses Apple frameworks for text editing and thus the behavior of text views (console, editor, etc.) is consistent with other applications and allows a very flexible customization. For example if you are not satisfied with the default Emacs-like key bindings that macOS provides, Apple allows you to extend them arbitrarily. For more details see Apple’s documentation on Key Bindings. There are also many 3rd-party pages on key bindings customization, search for `StandardKeyBinding.dict`.

### 10.9 What is the difference between the CRAN build and a vanilla build? ¶

The CRAN build of R is slightly different from a vanilla build of R, i.e., a simple `./configure && make && make install`. The default package type for all builds compiled from sources is `"source"` wheres CRAN uses binary packages. Only the CRAN build is guaranteed to be compatible with the package binaries on CRAN (or Bioconductor). The exact flags used by CRAN are avaiable in the R SVN repository of the CRAN build system as `conf.`xxx files. For R 4.0.0 and higher this is https://svn.r-project.org/R-dev-web/trunk/QA/Simon/R4 Also the CRAN build includes libraries that are required to run R inside the framework. Static libraries used by CRAN R and packages are available in https://mac.R-project.org/bin

### 10.10 Why is R.home() in the R framework not versioned? ¶

In the command line version of R, `R.home()` always points to the `Resources` directory symbolic link inside the R framework which points to `Versions/Current/Resource` which is turn points to the actual home – a versioned directory such as for example `Versions/4.2/Resources`. This is how framework versioning works in macOS and is defined by Apple (see Framework Anatomy).

Although it is possible to set `R_HOME` directly to the versioned path in the R shell scripts (and thus be able to run different version in parallel without changing the symbolic link), there are several dangers lurking there so we don’t recommend it. One problem is that building packages from source won’t work. The linker is always linking against the current version of the framework and therefore only the currently active version of R can compile packages. Further, packages may have used the value of `R.home()` at install time and thus may not work with incorrect setting. Finally, if such an R start script happens to get copied and the R version changes, it will stop working.

### 10.11 R.app GUI crashes on startup! ¶

If your R.APP GUI crashes on startup, there are two common causes for this: a saved workspace or a corrupted history file. (Another is a mismatch between R.APP and R if either has been updated).

Saved workspaces can contain commands that implicitly load packages which in turn can trigger bugs in packages or feed R with incorrect starting values (especially if it was saved using another R). Try removing or renaming your workspace – it’s called `.RData`. If you did not change your startup settings, you can e.g. use

    mv ~/.RData ~/workspace.RData

to move it aside and load later manually for inspection using `load("~/workspace.RData")`.

Second most common cause of crashes on startup is a history file that was not created using the R.APP GUI. Again, move it aside to see if that’s the issue: for the default file this could be done by

    mv ~/.Rapp.history ~/history.txt

Although we are trying to recover from invalid history files, they can still crash R.APP due to issues in the internal handling of strings in macOS. We are currently working on preventing this issue.

If you did both of the above and R.APP still crashes, please select ‘1’ in the menu after the crash (if you get the crash menu in the console) and send us the resulting crash report (see see R.app Bugs above).

### 10.12 Why is the GUI not saving my history? ¶

R.APP will by default save the history in a `.Rapp.history` file whereas command line R will use `.Rhistory`. So the saved history is only used in subsequent R.APP sessions and not command-line R, and conversely.

Note that calling `savehistory()` in R.APP does not currently save the history of the R.APP session: this means that `history()` will show an empty window.

### 10.13 I get “command not found” in the GUI yet it works in the Terminal – why? ¶

When executing system commands (for example directly via `system` or indirectly via functions that call other programs such as `install.packages`) the locations in which the shell is looking for programs is governed by the `PATH` environment variable. That variable may be set differently for R started from an interactive shell and for R started in the GUI. You can use `Sys.getenv("PATH")` to verify the current setting.

When R is started from a shell (e.g., on the command line of the Terminal), it will inherit settings from that shell. Those are typically modified by shell-specific configuration files, such as `.profile` or `.bashrc`. Those apply only to the shell, not to the system as a whole. In addition, some installers (such as MacTeX) will modify global shell settings to make user’s life more comfortable on the command line, but, again, those do not apply to programs not started from the shell – such as GUIs. See Apple Technical Q&A QA1067 for what Apple says about the topic.

In order to standardize your `PATH` setting in R, you can set it in your `.Renviron` file (in your home directory – see `?Startup` in R for details on how R uses configuration files on startup). This setting will apply to R regardless of how it is started. You can also add more elaborate constructs to `.Rprofile` instead if you wish to selectively modify the existing `PATH` variable via `Sys.getenv` and `Sys.setenv`.

### 10.14 I see no text in a Quartz plot! ¶

Typically this means that you have corrupted fonts in your system. Open the `Font Book` application (in `Applications`) and check the fonts that you are using (for example the default font in Quartz is currently “Arial”). Corrupted fonts will have no glyphs (text will not appear as it should), remove such fonts.

### 10.15 I cannot attach debugger to R ¶

R processes installed using Apple installer cannot be attached to by debuggers. This is a limitation introduced by Apple as a security measure. Since January 2020 Apple requires all notarized applications to use “Hardened Runtime” https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/hardened_runtime and one of the implications is that such processes cannot be tampered with by debuggers. Therefore official R installers have to use hardened runtime as Apple will no longer allow installation of software that is not notarized.

In order to debug R code or packages, you can use R binaries that don’t use hardened runtime and are not notarized. Such binaries are available in tar-balls at https://mac.R-project.org/ and can be installed by unpacking into `/`, e.g.:

    curl -LO http://mac.r-project.org/high-sierra/R-4.2-branch/x86_64/R-4.2-branch.tar.gz
    tar fxz R-4.2-branch.tar.gz -C /

If you are not the administrator, you may have to use `sudo tar ...`.

NOTE: R releases since 4.2.0 include an entitlement in the hardened runtime which allows debugging, so the above issue should not occur in R releases since R 4.2.0.